Estudio de Factibilidad para la Fabricación de separadores de concreto a partir del Residuo Plástico Polietilego en la Empresa Representaciones

Abstract

The conservation of the environment has an outstanding place among the concerns of the current society. During the last years, the approaches that the consumers have had when buying a product, such as the price, the use or the brand, is different now, because now there is an additional "ecological" approach, which means the impact that it causes in the environment after being considered residual. However, the isolated study of this last aspect would offer a limited vision, therefore the sources of the used raw material (quarries, forests, petroleum, springs, etc.) should be studied, the means used in making the product (energy, quantity of material, etc.), the effectiveness of its use (expectancy of life, weight, etc.), and lastly, the treatment that it receives when its useful life (reuse, recycling, etc.) is concluded. The noxious impact that the plastics generate in the environment is smaller than the one caused by other traditional materials, its production requires less resources than other cases, its lightness and environmental resistance give clear advantages to its effectiveness (transportation, packing, etc.). There are two general solutions when a product becomes residual: to) to throw it to a drain or b) to recover it. The plastics do not degrade in the environment like the ecological garbage (except for the case of the biodegradable plastics), and the first option does not seem ecologically very acceptable, even for the image of the product. Yes, on the other hand, the recovery. It is a wide concept that includes itself the other two: to) reuse and b) recycling. With no doubts, the first captures the most interest as ecological as economically, because it requires minimum resources and the smallest waste in the value of the product. However, the legal normative, the health and the degradation of the product do not always facilitate to resort to the reuse, therefore the only possible alternative for this series of suppositions is the recycling, which in any case, will never be the last goal, but a way to reach another series of objectives. If it expects to reduce the quantity of residuals and the consumption of raw materials, the recycling will always be profitable; if it is pursued to reduce the energy consumption, the necessary energy for the recycling will be less than to the one that is required to manufacture the raw material. The aim of this thesis has like central topic to carry out a technician and economic market study, about the elaboration of the product called "Separator of Concrete", using recycled plastic residuals, specifically the Polyethylene. During this research, the economic study is presented and this will determine which will be the amount of the necessary economic resources to do the project and finally there will be an economic evaluation to determine the feasibility of the project.

The conservation of the environment has an outstanding place among the concerns of the current society. During the last years, the approaches that the consumers have had when buying a product, such as the price, the use or the brand, is different now, because now there is an additional "ecological" approach, which means the impact that it causes in the environment after being considered residual. However, the isolated study of this last aspect would offer a limited vision, therefore the sources of the used raw material (quarries, forests, petroleum, springs, etc.) should be studied, the means used in making the product (energy, quantity of material, etc.), the effectiveness of its use (expectancy of life, weight, etc.), and lastly, the treatment that it receives when its useful life (reuse, recycling, etc.) is concluded. The noxious impact that the plastics generate in the environment is smaller than the one caused by other traditional materials, its production requires less resources than other cases, its lightness and environmental resistance give clear advantages to its effectiveness (transportation, packing, etc.). There are two general solutions when a product becomes residual: to) to throw it to a drain or b) to recover it. The plastics do not degrade in the environment like the ecological garbage (except for the case of the biodegradable plastics), and the first option does not seem ecologically very acceptable, even for the image of the product. Yes, on the other hand, the recovery. It is a wide concept that includes itself the other two: to) reuse and b) recycling. With no doubts, the first captures the most interest as ecological as economically, because it requires minimum resources and the smallest waste in the value of the product. However, the legal normative, the health and the degradation of the product do not always facilitate to resort to the reuse, therefore the only possible alternative for this series of suppositions is the recycling, which in any case, will never be the last goal, but a way to reach another series of objectives. If it expects to reduce the quantity of residuals and the consumption of raw materials, the recycling will always be profitable; if it is pursued to reduce the energy consumption, the necessary energy for the recycling will be less than to the one that is required to manufacture the raw material. The aim of this thesis has like central topic to carry out a technician and economic market study, about the elaboration of the product called "Separator of Concrete", using recycled plastic residuals, specifically the Polyethylene. During this research, the economic study is presented and this will determine which will be the amount of the necessary economic resources to do the project and finally there will be an economic evaluation to determine the feasibility of the project.La conservación del medio ambiente ocupa un destacado lugar entre las preocupaciones de la sociedad actual. Durante los últimos años, los criterios que el consumidor se atiene a la hora de realizar una compra, tales como el precio, la utilidad o la marca, y ahora se han visto acompañados por el que aboga por un producto "ecológico", calificándose de tal forma el impacto que causa en el medio ambiente una vez llegado a considerarse residuo. No obstante, el estudio aislado de este último aspecto ofrecería una visión limitada, por lo cual se deben estudiar asimismo las fuentes de las materias primas empleadas (canteras, bosques, petróleo, manantiales, etc.), los medios utilizados en la fabricación del producto (energía, cantidad de material, etc.), eficacia de su uso (expectativa de vida, peso, etc.), y por último, el tratamiento que recibe una vez finalizada su vida útil (reutilización, reciclaje, etc.). El impacto nocivo que producen los plásticos en el medio ambiente es menor que el ocasionado por otros materiales tradicionales, su fabricación requiere menos recursos que otros casos, su ligereza y resistencia medioambiental aportan claras ventajas a su eficacia (transporte, embalaje, etc.). Existen dos soluciones generales para cuando un producto se convierte en residuo: a) tirarlo a un vertedero, b) recuperarlo. Los plásticos no se degradan en el medio ambiente como la basura ecológica (exceptuando el caso de los plásticos biodegradables), y la primera opción no parece ecológicamente muy aceptable, ni tan siquiera para la imagen del producto. Sí, en cambio, la recuperación. Se trata de un amplio concepto que engloba en sí a otros dos: a) reutilización, b) reciclaje. El que más interés acapara es sin lugar a dudas el primero de ellos, tanto ecológica como económicamente, debido a que requiere mínimos recursos y el menor desgaste del valor del producto. Sin embargo, la normativa legal, la salubridad y la degradación del producto no siempre posibilitan recurrir a la reutilización, con lo cual la única alternativa posible para esta serie de supuestos es la del reciclaje, que en cualquier caso, nunca será el último fin, sino una vía para alcanzar otra serie de objetivos. Si lo que se pretende es disminuir la cantidad de residuos y el consumo de materias primas, el reciclaje siempre resultará rentable; si se persigue reducir el consumo energético, la energía necesaria para el reciclaje deberá ser inferior a la que se requiera para fabricar la materia prima. El objeto de la tesis tiene como tema central realizar un estudio de mercado, técnico y económico acerca de la fabricación del producto denominados “Separador de Concreto”, empleando residuos plásticos reciclados específicamente el Polietileno. Durante esta investigación, se presenta el estudio económico con el que se determinara cual será el monto de los recursos económicos necesarios para la realización del proyecto y finalmente se llevara a cabo una evaluación económica para determinar la factibilidad del proyecto.